Isolation, biochemical characterization, and development of a biodegradable antimicrobial film from Cirrhinus mrigala scale collagen.

Collagen is a promising candidate for food and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility, low antigenicity, and controlled biodegradability; however, its heavy price restricts its utilization. Fish scales generated during the processing are generally regarded as waste material and an environmental pollutant, though they are a promising source of collagen. In the present study, Cirrhinus mrigala scales were demineralized and extracted for acid-soluble collagen (ASC) using acetic acid, with a collagen yield of 2.7%. UV-Vis spectra, SDS-PAGE, FTIR analyses, and amino acid composition confirmed the type I nature of the collagen extracted. The denaturation temperature of the collagen was found to be 30.09 °C using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The collagen was highly soluble at acidic pH and lower NaCl concentrations while its solubility was lowered in alkaline conditions and NaCl concentrations above 0.5 M. The collagen exhibited good emulsifying potential with an emulsion activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) of 21.49 ± 0.22 m2 g-1 and 15.67 ± 0.13 min, respectively. Owing to the good physicochemical characteristics of the extracted collagen, collagen-chitosan-neem extract (CCN) films were prepared subsequently which showed good antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2635, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2654, Escherichia coli NCIM 2832, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5032, suggesting the potential of collagen in the development of antimicrobial films. These results demonstrate that the collagen from fish waste could be valorized and used effectively along with chitosan and neem extract for the synthesis of novel biodegradable films with antimicrobial efficacy.

Lopinavir Loaded Spray Dried Liposomes with Penetration Enhancers for Cytotoxic Activity.

OBJECTIVE: HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) are the drugs utilized for the treatment of HIV. However, their effectiveness is limited due to lack of bioavailability and they need to be coadministered with another drug. In this study single lopinavir (LPV) loaded phospholipid vesicles were prepared by the spray-drying method. The LPV-loaded spray-dried powder (L-SDP) was transformed into vesicles and then entrapped in a cream base with peppermint and olive oil. METHOD: It is an Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) membrane fluidity study that is used to predict oil's effect on skin. The central composite design was used to optimize the L-SDP cream formulation. Ex-vivo drug release, skin deposition study, and cell proliferation assays were carried out using cancer cell lines of breast, lung, and skin melanoma. Analysis of DNA by flow cytometry on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was carried out. The fluorescence microscopy, histopathological study, and in-vivo bioavailability studies were performed to measure the penetration and inertness of cream in animals. RESULTS: A membrane fluidity study revealed the effectiveness of oils as penetration enhancers. The L-SDP cream showed comparatively superior (%) drug deposition and permeability . Fluorescence images further confirm the penetration ability of the L-SDP cream which showed promising antiproliferative action on breast and lung cancer cells. The histopathological study demonstrates the inertness of cream while in-vivo bioavailability studies showed the many-fold increase in bioavailability of LPV. CONCLUSIONS: The liposomal drug delivery system of LPV has the potential to expose skin to systemic circulation and is useful for treating cancer.

Formulation and evaluation of letrozole-loaded spray dried liposomes with PEs for topical application.

Letrozole (LET), an aromatase inhibitor widely used as a first-line drug for the estrogen-dependent breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop LET topical drug delivery which would be a more efficient system to treat elevated blood levels of estrogen found in breast cancer patients. The technique involves, encapsulation of the LET in phospholipids using spray dryer. The LET spray-dried powder (LT-SDP) powder was tested by Fourier transform infrared, X-RD, and differential scanning calorimetry. These studies confirm the entrapment efficiency (EE) of the system. The LT-SDP in the form dispersion was further evaluated. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed spherical vesicles, the particle size, polydispersity index, and the EE was found to be 284.0 nm, 0.247, and 59.08%, respectively. LT-SDP dispersion was added into a cream base with peppermint and olive oil as natural penetration enhancers. Optimized formulation showed superior skin targeting in in vitro and in vivo studies. Cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry was carried out using human cancer cell line of breast MDA-MB-231 which showed superior anti-proliferative action and enhanced apoptosis activity of LT-SDP cream (43.9%) in comparison. The CLSM micrograph, skin irritation, and histopathology studies showed the penetration ability and inertness of the LT-SDP cream, respectively. In vivo bioavailability studies showed an almost four-fold increase in the plasma concentration (11.3 versus 4.2) while the mean residence time (81.11 versus 64.42 h) and half-life (51.01 versus 39.36 h) were reasonably higher than plain LET cream.

Eudragit-S, Eudragit-L and cellulose acetate phthalate coated polysaccharide tablets for colonic targeted delivery of azathioprine.

The present work deals with the formulation and evaluation of polymer-coated polysaccharide tablets of azathioprine prepared by direct compression method using different ratios of avicel (MCC), inulin and triacetin. The tablets formulations containing 25 mg of azathioprine were prepared and evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution test. Hardness and percentage friability were in the range of 7.23-7.43 kg/cm(2) and 0.21-0.41%, respectively, and showed 99-100% uniformity in drug content. The coated tablets exploiting different polymer combinations were evaluated for drug release under different pH conditions. The formulation containing Eudragit-S, Eudragit-L and cellulose acetate phthalate (ES, EL and CAP) (1:1:1) displayed desired release pattern with only 9.75% drug release in first 5 h (lag phase) and satisfactory release in lowered pH conditions. Drug release increased with the plasticizer (triacetin) concentration. Increase in the concentration of inulin and citric acid above 5% w/w increases the drug release. The addition of inulin in the formulation with coating level 28% w/w demonstrated increased drug release in presence of rat cecal content. Thus inulin containing ES, EL and CAP (1:1:1) polymer-coated formulation system can be used for the targeted delivery of azathioprine with desired release pattern.